Background AND Aim: Human monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the Poxviridae family. Recently, the cases of this disease have been increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to review AND update information in the field of history, epidemiology, disease transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, AND prevention of monkeypox. Methods: The present study is a review article that extracts related articles by searching the domestic database (Science Information Database [SID] AND Magiran) AND foreign databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, AND Google Scholar with the keywords of monkeypox disease, monkeypox virus, Poxviridae, monkeypox outbreak, smallpox virus. Results: This re-emerging disease is often endemic in central AND western Africa. Since May 2022, an outbreak of this disease has been reported in non-endemic countries as well. According to the World Health Organization, in the recent outbreak, the disease was first observed in developed countries, especially in European countries, AND often in men with sexual contact. Outbreaks in some parts of the world have raised concerns about another pANDemic similar to COVID-19. Currently, monkeypox is a major threat to public health, so it requires urgent multidisciplinary collaboration between clinics AND basic sciences to investigate the origin AND chain of disease transmission, Rapid diagnostic techniques, vaccine evaluation, AND treatment AND control strategies. Conclusion: The experiences from past pANDemics, especially the Covid-19 pANDemic, are among the OPPORTUNITIES that can be used to deal with AND control emerging AND re-emerging diseases such as monkeypox.

Since 1992, the Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) AND the Kyoto Protocol have been among the important environmental activities of the international community. As the Kyoto Protocol has various effects on the economic, technical, AND social activities of the developing countries, especially the oil-dependent nations which are in the early stages of sustainable development, analyzing the effects of this protocol is very important. The economy in Iran is dependent on oil AND gas, AND the country is located in an arid or semi-arid region, with many endangered natural resources. At the same time, the energy saving activities, substitution of clean energy resources, improving energy efficiency, AND the like have had many obvious effects on reducing the emission of various gases AND also decreasing the environmental pollution in recent years. The Convention AND the Protocol, the economic AND environmental models for Iran based on the climatic changes, AND also the ecological effects for the country are studied in this paper. In the end, the CHALLENGES AND the OPPORTUNITIES of this Protocol are discussed.

Epigenetics in anesthesia is an emerging field in medicine, AND many anesthesiologists, assistants, AND other doctors have little information about the relationship between these two sciences. In epigenetics, several regulatory mechanisms, including phosphorylation, sumoylation, methylation, acetylation, AND ubiquitinylation, are involved in biological processes by affecting the histone code. The relationship between anesthesia AND epigenetics has facilitated the understANDing of some scientific concepts. Examples of processes that have been investigated by understANDing the relationship between epigenetics AND anesthesia include the carcinogenic effect of anesthetic drugs, the relationship between histone acetylation AND pain, the relationship between methylation of histones ANDmemory, the role of ketamine in learning AND depression, the effectiveness of glutamate AND cellular skeleton, AND the relationship between epigenetic alleles AND malignant hyperthermia. In addition, the effect of general anesthesia on the reprogramming of the infant’s brain, the relationship between epigenetic genes AND neuropathic pain, AND the cardioprotective role of isoflurane gas AND MicroRNA-21 are also investigated in the field of epigenetics AND anesthesia (1)...

The production of stone paper as a product with unique characteristics such as waterproofness, resistance to bursting AND appropriate rupture, as well as due to the reduction of water consumption, energy AND greenhouse gas emissions during the production process, is expANDing. In this article, the characteristics, production process, applications, development process AND general comparison of stone paper with paper are reviewed. Due to its advantages such as very low water absorption, good printability AND lower cost, this product has been proposed as a competitive product with conventional cellulose papers in the packaging, printing AND publishing industries, especially labels. However, due to the different structure of paper, mixing with it can cause problems in the normal paper recycling cycle. Higher density, lower tensile strength, degradability under sunlight AND ultraviolet light AND the presence of polyethylene, are the main disadvantages of stone paper, which poses CHALLENGES in the application of this product. Paper stone recycling AND using biodegradable polymers AND UV-resistant additives AND arrangements to separate it from recycled paper, will provides the possibility to replace it with some more paper products. Knowing the appropriate applications of this new product AND the target markets, considering the reasonable price of its raw materials AND availability in Iran AND unique features of this product seems essential. The justification AND success of new investments in the production of stone papers from the economic, technical, marketing AND environmental terms is due to the knowledge that it reduces the risk of wasting the country's capital AND problems in the paper recycling industry.

Bunkering is a vital part of our lifes. Supplying fuel or bunkering, as one of the most important components of maritime transport, has found its place in most parts of the world today. In this regard, Iran's effective entry into this industry can strengthen the country's political AND economic sovereignty in the Persian Gulf AND the Sea of Oman AND lead to growth AND development of activities, employment AND income generation, development of existing ports AND infrastructure AND increase Iran's global reputation AND complete the country's oil value chain. The hypotheses of this research are marketing mixture, Axial Strategy, political, external marketing AND internal marketing. The purpose of this study is to identify the OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES of the factors affecting the Iranian bunkering market from the experts point of view, with a quantitative approach. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose. The method of data collection is a Likert scale survey. Structural equation technique AND AMOS software are used to analyze the data. Prioritization of criteria AND sub-criteria is based on AHP technique. Finally, the output of Expert Choice software is used to implement AND hierarchical cluster analysis.

Screening, in the medical field is defined as a program or strategy to survey population about a risk of health-threats by identifying at risk persons. Its goal is early detection for intervention AND management AND prevention of a disease AND its complications. Therefore, a test or method of screening is necessary to have some certain characteristics as its sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, social acceptance by the people as well as feasibility, availability, case of interpretation AND cost-effectiveness. It is evident that the illness or the problem for which a continuous screening program is compiled, must be clinically significant, intervenable, preventable AND treatable AND its early detection must be possible. According to the citeria mentioned above, the screening program for assessing the fetal malformations AND trisomic syndromes including trisomy of chromosome 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy of chromosome 18 (Edwards) syndrome, trisomy of chromosome 13 (Patu) syndrome, has been compiled AND executed. Therefore, some OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND common mistakes about the subject are considered in this article. In the population screening programs, massive policy-making AND cost-effectiveness calculations are critical issues. Without the accurate cost-effectiveness, cost-benefitness AND cost utility analysis, health resources will be wasted AND the health outcomes will not be achived. The sources are so important that the general policy program has also undergone changes. Giving an example in this case can be useful. After adding the fetal screening program for Down syndrome to the UK National Health Programs, the research indicated that a balance between the chromosomal abnormalities associated with maternal age AND the established resources should exist. Hence, policymakers believed that the funds can cover pregnancies occuring over maternal age of 35 years AND all pregnant mothers are not included. Therefore the age of 35 years old was selected as a borderline to perform the fetal screening thus the cut off for moms older than 35 years. Interestingly, the majority of screening consultants in Iran without the sufficient knowledge about the process, over emphasize on the age of older than 35 years. They unwantedly cause fear AND presentiment AND exert psychological pressure on mothers older than 35 years AND their families. They even introduce the mothers with just a few days older than 35 years wih a high risk for fetal malformations. Another mistake is related to the using novel technologies with very sensitive AND expensive methods such as cell-free DNA(known as NIPT or NIFTY). Since Iranian people are welcoming to many modern methods, the health service provider centers AND laboratories make advertisements encouraging people to use these methods without adequate explanations. Considering public benefit, most of them believe that cell-free DNA method must replace common biochemical marker screening methods for all pregnant women in the country, but this is not cost-benefit at the present time. On the other hAND it should be mentioned that although cf DNA method have extremely high sensitivity, they are not diagnostic AND have false positives for various reasons such as confined placental mosaicism (CPM) AND so on. Therefore the right application AND the proper on time use of the facilities with appropriate informed decision making besides, respecting people AND providing new OPPORTUNITIES to health services for the Iranians especially in the tertiary centers, must be created. The other notable points in this category are reporting some cases of diseases or syndromes brought up in different studies as an association with the results of screening tests (with lower sensitivity AND specificity). However, they haven't been approved in international AND national guidelines. It is necessary to know such reports which are not beneficiary for the patients. They also cause trouble for both physician AND patient AND cause anxiety, bewilderment imposing unnecessary expenses. This can also be problematic from the legal aspect. So the risk of overdiagnosis like misdiagnosis threatens screening methods AND even diagnostic methods AND both of them can cause harm. The final point on this subject is the importance of the enrichment of the native data bank especially in population-based statistical methods. The accuracy of threshold AND mean of median (MOM) defined in these methods whether for sonographic or laboratory (biochemical markers or cell-free DNA) work have high importance. Hence, without having correct threshold amounts ( both are based on population AND innate accuracy of the test), the accuracy of the results with acceptable false positive AND false negative rates can not be certain.